Muhammad and the first four Caliphs of Islam
Turkish miniature 16th century – wiki commons
MAKE AN EFFORT.
TRY To ingurgitate the context. The next part will be the Cosmic point of view, in the context of Earth hidden history.
IRAN WAR, update…. Cannot keep up!
Up to March 19th, “at least 16 high-ranking figures were killed, signaling what analysts describe as a “decapitation strategy” aimed at disrupting Iran’s command structure.”[1]
On 3/27, to the question: Iran, how many leaders killed up to today? Same number although I read something else in the news yesterday… ok…. Not going to end so easily.
Also, according to Netenyahu, “Our number one effort is geared towards Iran”, he says. “If the [Iranian] regime goes, Hezbollah goes.”
Netanyahu says there are rifts and internal tensions at the top of Iranian leadership, adding that the “authority and the hold” that the previous supreme leader had “is not going to be translated to anyone”.
He says that they’re seeing cracks in the Iranian regime, and “if it cracks enough” he thinks “the regime could change. Is it guaranteed? No.” [i]
My goal is to speak about the spiritual aspect of the war, as I did, years ago, for the Iraq war. This post is meant to give you a foundation, with a brief, uncomplete history of Iran, to grasp how things work, in the context of the big picture, the intelligent Cosmos, projected into the material world.
As one of our readers put it once, you will notice a lot of cut and paste in this post. This is not just it, copy and paste; it is a gathering of ideas, gleaned in dozens of websites, and pages, rabbit holes, that I explored, to wrap our heads around the Iran war context and set my consciousness in motion in many directions.
Who is leading Iran? The supreme leader would be Mojtaba[ii] the second son of the late Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who was announced as his successor on Sunday after being appointed by the regime’s 88-person assembly – despite previous opposition from his father.” To this day, he is wounded yet alive and the head of state, while the president is the head of the government, Masoud Pezeshkian, elected in 2024, alive. (Alcyone conjunct Uranus is violent!).
Ali Larijani who was Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council, and became “the de facto head of the oppressive Islamic regime after Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei was killed” was also killed by Israel.
https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/revolutionary-guards-iran/
IRAN, A BIT OF HISTORY
California = 164 000 square miles /424 000 km2
France = 211 000 square miles
Iran, 636 000 square miles, “is home to one of the world’s oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to the 5th millennium BC”[2]
We will limit ourselves to a few ideas and about 2500 years. The last part (not ready yet) will be the global, more cosmic context.
Iran is located East of Iraq, where ancient Mesopotamia flourished, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Early 2000 —during workshops organized in multiple countries, I have introduced the concept of six early civilizations that emerged around the globe, signaling the ‘arrival of and impact of the gods’ in humankind history. The idea was discussed in the book The Genesis Race. Our Extraterrestrial DNA and the True Origins of the Species, by Will Hart.
https://www.history.com/articles/first-earliest-human-civilizations
For earlier dates, archeologists have only settlements and special religious sites, such as the famous ones in Turkey: Göbekli Tepe (9-11000 BC) and Çatalhöyük, about 7500 BC.[3]
Compare with Egypt[4]
It is important to make the distinction between the land and country of Iran, and the people living on this land. Originally known as Persia, Iran adopted this name in 1935. Iran means ‘Land of the Arhyans.” The term Aryan comes from Arya, a Sanskrit word and would mean noble or honorable.
“Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples are connected through their language, a branch of the indo Iranian language.
The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia around the mid-2nd millennium BC.” [5]
Artifacts from the Paleolithic and Neandertal were found in Iran. As per its geographic location, the territory of Iran borders Mesopotamia, thus permeated with Sumer and Babylon cultures.
“Elam was a pre-Iranian ancient civilization located east of Mesopotamia. In the Middle Bronze Age (3300-1200 BC) , Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centred in Anshan. From the mid-2nd millennium BC, Elam was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in both the Gutian Empire and the Iranian Achaemenid dynasty (705-330 BC) that succeeded it.”[6] the Achaemenid king ruled over Akhad, Sumer, Babylon, Egypt and more. The ruler was King of the Universe… nothing less! In 539 BC the Achaemenid Persian empire conquered what was left of the famous Neo Babylonian or Chaldean Empire.
“There are records of numerous other ancient civilizations on the Iranian plateau before the emergence of Iranian peoples during the Early Iron Age” (starts1200 BC). In Iran, iron artifacts were founds dating from the 9th century BC. wiki
Sumeria’s history in Southern Mesopotamia covers 5th-3th millennia BC. This is the time of the gods Enki and Enlil.
The Semites, found in North-Western Mesopotamia (Modern Turkey and northern Syria), would originate from Indo-European migrants who fled an ecological disaster around the Black Sea. The accepted time for their arrival
would be 3000 years BCE. “On their way to the south and the south-east, the Indo-Arians displaced and partially mingled with the Hurrians of Eastern Anatolia. In turn, arianized Hurrians first displaced the Eastern Semites (Akkadians) from the upper courses of Tigris, and then, at the end of the 3rd millennium B.C., occupied the land of Western Semites (Amorites) in the upper courses of Euphrates.”
Arabs and Jews would be Abraham’s sons and Shem’s grandchildren.
Easy biblical genealogy found on Amazon… How Arabs and Jews are cousins. Ohhh, family karmas!
For those who want details and practice a bit of brain-Pilates: LipovskyI01.pdf
One of its most famous historical Persian characters, Cyrus the Great, from Parsa, is linked to the history of the jews. Iran was home to the Phoenician Ashurbanipal (Northen Mesopotamia). Then came the Medes, around the the 7th century BC, who then surrended (550BC) to Cyrus the Great (600-530 BC). Cyrus established the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC), uniting the Medes and Persians.
Cyrus is mentioned 23 times by name in the Bible and alluded to a few more (not sure about 23). Called the Anointed One, he is known as a humanitarian. i.e. He allowed the Jews to return to their land and rebuild the temple of Jerusalem.[7]
Then the Greeks, with Alexander the Great, briefly took over.
The next powerful leaders are the Sassanids. “The Sassanian period (224-651 AD) witnessed the highest achievement of Persian civilization and constitutes the last great Iranian Empire before the adoption of Islam. Persia influenced Roman civilization considerably during Sassanian times, their cultural influence extending far beyond the empire’s territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India and also playing a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asiatic medieval art.”
The Sasanian Empire, officially known as Ērānšahr, meaning “Empire of the Iranians,” was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, flourishing from 224 to 651 AD. Established by Ardashir I, a native of Pars (modern-day Fars in Iran).
The Sassanids claim to be the descendants of the Kiani, the warrior-poets, mixing culture and power. The Kiani believed to be the original heros of the Avesta, sacred texts of Zoroastrianism.
The Persian culture is based in the ancient teaching of Zarathustra or Zoroaster, 1500-1000 BCE) founder of Zoroastrianism. Zarathustra —660–583 BC —had a vision of the god Ahura-Mazda. He is “the inventor of the angels and archangels” (Amen book).
The Kiani are the heroes of the Avesta (the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism) and of the Shahnameh, the national epic (like the Epic of Gilgamesh or the Indian Mahabharata). The Shahnameh was commissioned by the Samanid King during the 10th century.
MORE ON ZOROASTRINISM – AMEN BOOK starting on page 116[8] and
The Sasanians fought Rome and then the Byzantine empire (Byzance/Constantinople- Emperor Constantin who started the Christian Church). The Byzantine-Sassanid fought intermittently for a century, weakening each other and ended with 2 decades of battle (602-628 AD),[9] opening the door to the Muslims. Zoroastrian sites were destroyed.
The Sasanian, Persian culture influenced both Rome and Muslim worlds. It “transformed the Islamic conquest and destruction of Iran into a Persian Renaissance. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture, architecture, writing, and other contributions to civilization, were taken from the Sassanian Persians into the broader Muslim world.” [10]
ISLAM
Islamization started in the 7th century and marked the end of the Zoroastrian prominence. The battle for political power and cultural identity never truly stopped. The Iranian language and alphabet were replaced by Arabic. Then the percentage of the Muslim population grew slowly but steadily.
Like usual…. Inner conflicts between the ruling families led to weakness, treason and enabled the Arabs to take over control.
During the 9th and 10th centuries, the Shu’ubiyyah movement emerged within the Arab surroundings, revitalizing Iranian (Persian) culture, art, poetry and medicine. “Most of those behind the movement were Persian, but references to Egyptians, Berbers and Arameans are attested.” For more[11]
The Islamic Twelver and Shi’ite movement became the official religion “in 1501, when Isma’il I took the power in Iran and set up the Safavid dynasty. While most of the larger cities of Iran were Sunni, he declared Twelverism as the official religion of his empire.”[12]
MODERN WORLD
Shah Pahlavi ruled Iran from 1941 until his departure in 1979, when the country was handed over to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Pahlavi attempted to modernize and industrialize the country. Thanks to him, China has been buying 90% of Iran’s oil….
Pahlavi’s rule could have been a bit of fresh air but corruption, nepotism and despotism has never stopped in Iran. Alternating powers have struggled over centuries, all brutal and without respect for human life.
His father, a soldier, started the Pahlavi dynasty with the help of the British and was also a Twelver Shia. The Pahlavi family replaced a two-century monarchy, the Qajar Dynasty. “Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had done in Turkey, but he abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.[13] [i]
ISLAM
Good read if you want to understand Iran: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran
The Islamization of Iran began between 633 and 651, with the Muslim conquest of Iran, when the Rashidun Caliphate annexed the Sasanian Empire.
The Rashidun caliphate is the community ruled by the first 4 caliphs who ruled after the death of the Prophet in 662 CE.
The Umayyad Caliphate then took over during a civil war (clans fighting) with the assassination of Ali, the fourth caliph, during a Ramadan and at the morning prayer …. As bad as the popes poisoning each other in Rome!
The clash between Sunni and Shiites date from there.
The merging of Arab and Indo-European population, beliefs, philosophy created the present Iranian aggregate.
“The blossoming of Persian literature, philosophy, medicine, and art became major elements of Islam in Iran. Integrating a heritage of thousands of years of civilization and being at the “crossroads of the major cultural highways”[2] in the Near East contributed to the Iranians emerging at the forefront of the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Caliphate.”[1]
This is probably the most important key to understanding the coherence, yet fracture amongst the Iranian population
As Christian missionaries adapted their faith and force-fed a few principles to the shamanic populations in South America or Africa, Muslims and Zoroastrians assimilated. For instance, Ahura Mazda and Ahriman, the representants of Light and Fall/rebellion in Zoroastrianism could be assimilated with Allah and Iblis/Shaitan — who was thrown out of heaven after refusing to honor Adam (not God…lol) , or veils God’s love.
AYATOLAHS
2 billions muslims are reported in the world. Most Iranian muslims are Twelvers, the larger branch of Shia Islam, about 85%.
Twelver Shia Islam became Iran’s official state religion in 1501, during the Safavid Dynasty. It grants the Ayatollah and Supreme Leader the ultimate religious and political authority.
Shite believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib, cousin and son-in-law of the prophet, was the heir apparent to Muhammad,
Twelvers believe that 12 Imams were appointed by Muhammad’s lineage[ii]. They are, in Shi‘a belief, the wujūh ūllāh (“faces of God”) in the sense of being the most God-oriented beings who reflect divine guidance to others.” Thet are “immune from sin in leading the community spiritually.”
“The second-largest population of Twelvers after Iran is in Iraq. Other major communities live in Pakistan, India, Lebanon, Azerbaijan and other countries of the Persian Gulf, such as Bahrain and Kuwait. There are also Twelver communities in some Western countries.”
https://theconversation.com/twelver-shiism-a-branch-of-islam-that-serves-both-as-a-spiritual-and-political-force-in-iran-and-beyond-259853
Ruhollah Khomeini arrived from Paris in 1979, where he waited in exile. He was succeded by Ali Hosseini Khamenei who imposed his rule for 47 years. Ali Khamenei’s son, Mojtaba Khomenei is the next Muslim saint and now on the first line…. And, surprise, he is a good business man: “UK newspapers say new Iranian leader’s vast global property holdings include two apartments on same street as embassy, 50 yards away, enabling ‘permanent surveillance’ and constituing a ‘serious security breach.’ Times of Israel. 3/9/26
What are Imams?
Twelvers hold that each Imam was appointed through divine designation (naṣṣ) and was protected by God from sin (infallible), tasked with preserving and explicating the true meaning of Islam. The Imams are seen not as prophets, but as the rightful authoritative interpreters of revelation and leaders of the community. Belief in the Imamate is so crucial that a famous dictum in Twelver tradition states, “One who dies without knowing the Imam of his time, dies a death of ignorance.” In Twelver theology, acknowledging the Imams is part of completing one’s faith; it is believed that “whoever loves them and follows them, he will be successful and saved”,
THE HIDDEN IHMAN, THEORY OF OCCULTATION
For the Twelvers, the eleven first Imans passed away. However, the “twelfth [Imam] Muhammad al-Mahdi, entered occultation in the ninth century and remains alive but hidden. He will return to establish global justice and rule decisively over the world.” He is Al Mahdi; same concept as the Second Coming or the Maitreya. [2]
As for Christians and Second Coming, the Mahdi’s return is supposed to be announced by upheavals, violence and societal decadence. Instability or attacks are then used to spread more religious fervor.
IMAMS AND MONEY — God, power, and money
Ayatollahs and Imams do not have full support, even in their community. They are known for their greed and ubiquitous personalities. “They preach on Fridays telling Iranians to tolerate economic hardship, but Khamenei’s ayatollahs enjoy immunity for corruption as his regional representatives. Revelations about numerous cases of economic corruption and land and forest grabs by Ali Khamenei’s representatives across the country have outraged Iranians with fury so deep that even a few brave politicians have dared to speak out. The Friday Prayer Imams, the regional representatives pushing the regime rhetoric, have managed to evade prosecution and remain immune to legal consequences. “[3]
https://www.iranintl.com/en/202307163724
“The Al-Mustafa University pays for hundreds of foreign students from China to Africa and Latin America who come to study and then return to spread Iranian Shiite teachings in their countries.
Observers say Al-Mustafa has become Iran’s chief tool for promoting Shi’ism abroad. The university received around $80 million in the 2020-2021 Iranian budget, making it more important than ever. It is believed that Ayatollah Ali Khamenei’s office and businesses under his control provide additional funding to Al-Mustafa.”
IRAN, CHINA and RUSSIA
Has Iran damaged the most important Israeli asset, the Dimona research center? Not sure.
Fact check and news: Dimona
Reaching the officially non-existing nuclear arsenal would trigger a regional radio-active disaster. They did reach the town of Dimona a few days later.
“ It was the first time Israel’s nuclear research center has been targeted in the fighting. Israel’s military said it was not able to intercept missiles that hit the southern cities of Dimona and Arad, the largest near the center in Israel’s sparsely populated Negev desert.” Dozens injured in Israel when Iranian missiles target areas near nuclear research center – al.com
The City of Dimona is the closest to the nuclear center.
As for Iran, the facility located in Bushier was built in cooperation with Russia and Siemens. Uses Russian plutonium (If you are familiar with this site, do not forget the present alliance of Pluto and Uranus, with some anger and strong warrior mode of the Sun in Aries; Aries is ruled by Mars, god of war).
The Iranian nuclear program started during the reign of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, with fthe blessings of the US [US Atoms Peace Initiative], as a ‘civil nuclear cooperation’ according to the deal signed in 1957 and with a US supplied research reactor. Ooops.
President Trump said that Russia is helping Iran a bit
Iran site Busher, on the Persian golf “uses Russian-supplied fuel, which is returned after use, reducing proliferation risks. Iran is also building additional reactors at the same site.”
Russia is also helping with intelligence and satellites, “on the locations of US warships and aircraft.” (seem pretty crucial to me! Just a bit?)
It may not sound like much, given the superiority of Western military satellites and Russia’s battlefield losses and communication problems after Elon Musk’s SpaceX company switched off smuggled Starlink satellite Internet terminals.” Not from a jewish magazine: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/27/how-extensive-is-russias-military-aid-to-iran
Aljazeera is “the first independent news channel in the Arab world… Al Jazeera is an independent news organization funded in part by the Qatari government.”
Non-governmental site: use your discernment. I do not want to spend more time on this.
https://factually.co/fact-checks/military/does-china-help-iran-with-bombs-2026-war-9a6b07
IRANIAN JEWS
Jews from Iran arrived as captives of Babylon. How do Jews from Iran relate with Israel? With a very strong Persian identity, do they feel more connected to the Zoroastrian culture and religion, to Avesta or to the Biblical Old Testament? What is Israel for them?
How do Jews and Arabs, both semitic in origin, relate with being Iranians, claiming a connection with the Aryan people? The Aryans (indo-iranians) would be the descendants of the white gods who came to earth to assist humanity. In India, the Brahmins are the remains of this lineage.
During WWII, Iran (the land of the Aryans) was officially neutral; however, by 1941, Iran’s economic ties with Germany grew, with nearly half of its imports coming from there.’ This was the pretext used by the British and Russia[4] to invade Iran and remove the Shah from power.
Is the Iranian Jewish population united and seeing Israel as holding the banner?
More than 89 million people live in Iran. Less than 10,000 are jews (0.01%) and around 24,000 are Zoroastrians. The Jewish community (lost 10 tribes?) arrived in Persia after the conquest of the Northen kingdom of Israel or Samaria by the Assyrian king Shalmaneser V (727-722 BC) in 722 BC.
FIGHTS between IRANIAN LEADERS…humans do not change.
Ali Khomeini used a religious precedent to hold the position of a mediator between factions. In a different occasion, may 2024, for instance : “ an Iranian helicopter carrying the extremist President Raisi and his radical foreign minister, among others, crashed in the north of the country. All passengers and crew were killed. Many Iranians believe that it was an assassination. Some believe that it was planned by Khamenei’s son, Mojtaba Khamenei, to remove a strong candidate who could deny him his legacy as the next supreme leader. Some believe that Khamenei himself ordered the assassination because the late president nudged him again into a premature confrontation with Israel.” Une vache n’y retrouverait pas son veau”…. Literal translation: such a mess… a cow would not find her own calf.” Human egos, greed and institutionalized corruption, are the country’s signature and driving force.
The president Pezeshkian, elected [really?] in July 2024, with the support of Ali Khomeini, was unable to bring peace or economical progress, hence the protests end 2025, leading to killings and horrific repression a few weeks ago, under the leadership of Ayatollah Ali K and the Revolutionary Guard Corps. This has been a pattern, has it?
NOTES
IRAN WAR and ASTROLOGY
The 2 best and most articulate videos I found, 2 women:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWbDDGcpM1Y (is she pure AI, not sure).
No AI, human: https://youtu.be/jOXa_1tYmKk?si=nrsZBiEgicMfr-o2
Interesting ideas: https://astrologyking.com/2026-israel-us-war-on-iran/
Astrologers who predicted Iran: https://www.jessicaadams.com/2026/03/02/blog/the-astrologers-who-predicted-iran/
Who are the JEWS of IRAN? 6/6/2026
https://www.palestinechronicle.com/fact-sheet-who-are-the-jews-of-iran/
DETAILS about Iran’s History
Iran’s governmental structure: Iran’s ruling structure explained
More on Iran’s history: The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 AD and the Rise of the Muslims | Ancient Origins
The Shahnameh: Discovering Iran’s Epic “Book of Kings” | Saraye Sokhan
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran
[2] https://theologyinfive.com/twelver-shiism-hidden-imam-iran-eschatology/
[3] https://www.iranintl.com/en/202307161427
[4] https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/iran-during-world-war-ii
[i] “Backed by the British, Reza Khan led a coup d’etat in February 1921, seizing control over Tehran and forcing the weak and corrupt Qajar Shah to appoint journalist Sayyid Zia al-Din Tabatabai as Prime Minister, and himself—Reza Khan—as Minister of War. After he had suppressed several rebellions and established a semblance of centralized control in the country, the Persian national assembly appointed Reza Khan as Prime Minister in 1923 with virtual dictatorial power.
After crushing an Arab nationalist rebellion and with British backing, Reza Khan induced the assembly to depose the Qajar Shah and appoint himself Shah on December 13, 1925. Reza took the name Pahlavi in establishing his new dynasty.” https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/iran-during-world-war-ii
Les Russes protègent les Orthodoxes… « Les SErbes sont orthodoxes… le Vatican s’occupe des Catholiques ; Israel s’occupe des juifs… chacun a une dimension qui dépasse les statuts régionaux. (52’). Alain Bauer
2020 saturn capricorn conjunct US assassinate Assassination of Qasem Soleimani
[ii] It does not seem that the 12 were appointed directly by the Prophet. Not sure about it.
[1] https://irannewswire.org/iranian-leaders-killed-2026-war/
[2] Wiki History of Iran – Wikipedia andBritannica
[3] Earlier: Baird added that Mendik Tepe and nearby Çakmak Tepe, also being excavated under Şahin’s direction, appear to be older than much of what has been unearthed at Göbeklitepe and Karahantepe. https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/older-than-gbeklitepe-stunning-new-discovery-unearthed-in-turkey
[4] Egypt predynastic age: “At the end of prehistory, “Predynastic Egypt” is traditionally defined as the period from the final part of the Neolithic period beginning c. 6210 BC to the end of the Naqada III period c. 3000 BC. The dates of the Predynastic period were first defined before widespread archaeological excavation of Egypt took place, and recent finds indicating a gradual Predynastic development have led to controversy over when exactly the Predynastic period ended. Thus, various terms such as “Protodynastic period“, “Zero Dynasty” or “Dynasty 0”[1] are used to name the part of the period which might be characterized as Predynastic by some and Early Dynastic by others.”
[5] Iranian peoples – Wikipedia
[6] wiki bronze age
[7] In the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, … the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, so that he made a proclamation throughbout all his kingdom and also put it in writing: “Thus says Cyrus king of Persia: The Lord, the God of heaven, has given me all the kingdoms of the earth, and he has charged me to build him a house at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whoever is among you of all his people, may his God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem, …and rebuild the house of the Lord, the God of Israel… And let each survivor, in whatever place he sojourns, be assisted by the men of his place with silver and gold, with goods and with beasts, besides freewill offerings for the house of God that is in Jerusalem.” Ezra 1: 1-4
[8] In the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan), there still exist the ruins of an advanced civilization, namely, the city of Mohenjo-Dajo , dated from the third millennium BC. This latter is said to have survived until approximately 1800 BC.
The Rig Veda, in which Mitra is mentioned, would have been written between 1500 and 1200 BC. The cult to Mitra or, more exactly, this denomination to the divinity, appeared simultaneously in the Indus Valley where the Aryan race was rooted, and in Mesopotamia , then in Russia and in Iran. The Persians, who appeared next to the Medes around the 9th century BC, invaded Iranian soil. The Medes having made an alliance with Babylon , the Mithraic cult was influenced by the Sumerian religion. Then Zoroaster or Zarathustra (who lived approximately 660–583 BC) received visions from Ahura-Mazda . Slowly but surely, he imposed his vision of the cosmos. Ahura-Mazda is the supreme god, next to whom the angels and archangels appear. Zarathustra is “the inventor of the angels and archangels.” Two of his archangels take over the roles of Mithra and Varuna , respectively Vohu Manah and Asha. Still, one of the angels bears the name Mithra. Mithra is sometimes reduced to a warrior angel,
similar to an aspect of the Christian Archangel Michael. Then, at the turn of the fifth century, Mithra is “back to his role of second major god, equal to Ahura-Mazda.” In the fourth
century, under the Persian kings, he comes back strongly. Etc” p 116
[9] The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 AD and the Rise of the Muslims | Ancient Origins
- [10] Wiki and Zarinkoob, Abdolhossein (1999). The history of Iran from the beginning until the fall of the Pahlavi monarchy] (in Persian). Tehran: Intishārāt-i Sukhan. p. 305.
[11] “As Persian Muslims consolidated their rule of the country, the Muslim population rose from approximately 40% in the mid-9th century to close to 90% by the end of the 11th century. Seyyed Hossein Nasr suggests that the rapid increase in conversion was aided by the Persian nationality of the rulers.[86] Although Persians adopted the religion of their conquerors, over the centuries they worked to protect and revive their distinctive language and culture, a process known as Persianization.” Wiki History of Iran.
[12] Wiki, twelvers.
[i] https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c24d410m3g4t
[ii] Mojtaba, 56, the second son of the late Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was announced as his successor on Sunday after being appointed by the regime’s 88-person assembly – despite previous opposition from his father.
